Study of the Major Pathogens That Lead to Apple Fruit Decay During Storage

Authors

  • Vasile C. FLORIAN University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, 3-5 Calea Mănăștur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • Carmen PUIA University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, 3-5 Calea Mănăștur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • Radu GROZA University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, 3-5 Calea Mănăștur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • Loredana A. SUCIU University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, 3-5 Calea Mănăștur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • Teodora FLORIAN University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, 3-5 Calea Mănăștur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha46211194

Keywords:

apple rot, decay, Penicillium spp., plant disease, treatment, Venturia inaequalis

Abstract

Different pathogenic fungi (e.g. Penicillium spp., Monilinia fructigena, Venturia inaequalis, Glomerella cingulata, Diaporthe eres etc.) can cause apple rot by producing pectic enzymes that break down apple pectin to expose the nutrients of the cells to the fungi. This study aimed to identify the pathogens that lead to the degradation of apples from five different varieties (‘Granny Smith’, ‘Topaz’, ‘Imperial Gala’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Golden Reinders’) and also the incidence of those pathogens under different treatment conditions. The results reveal different frequent attacks on distinct varieties ranging from 5 to over 50%. Of the pathogens that infect and occur in vegetation and deposit it can be seen that Venturia inaequalis has been identified in all varieties in most test variants. The highest frequency was recorded in the variant where during the vegetation period no treatments with fungicides against apple diseases were applied. Of the pathogens that infected and appeared during storage, isolated on the fruits, only Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. had a higher frequency. Applying treatments during the growing season reduced the rotting attack degree of apple fruits during storage. The best response to rot attack in the warehouse was ‘Topaz’ and ‘Jonagold’, the attack degree ranged between 0.3 and 10% on treated variants. By applying chemical treatments, the spectrum and the share of pathogens that lead to fruit degradation is different. This means that chemical treatments must be chosen depending on the nature of the pathogens and the apple variety.

References

Ammar MI, El-Naggar MA (2014). Screening and characterization of fungi and their associated mycotoxins in some fruit crops. International Journal of Advanced Research 2(4):1216-1227.

Bowen JK, Mesarich CH, Bus VGM, Beresford RM, Plummer KM, Templeton MD (2011). Venturia inaequalis: the causal agent of apple scab. Molecular Plant Pathology 2(2):105-122.

Caiazzo R, Kim YK, Xiao CL (2014). Occurrence and phenotypes of pyrimethanil resistance in Penicillium expansum from apple in Washington state. Plant Disease 98(7):924-928.

Cameldi I, Neri F, Menghini M, Pirondi A, Nanni IM, Collina M, Mari M (2017). Characterization of Neofabraea vagabunda isolates causing apple bull’s eye rot in Italy (Emilia?Romagna region). Plant Pathology 66(9):1432-1444.

da Rocha Neto AC, Luiz C, Maraschin M, Di Piero RM (2016). Efficacy of salicylic acid to reduce Penicillium expansum inoculum and preserve apple fruits. International Journal of Food Microbiology 221:54-60.

Doolotkeldieva T, Bobusheva S (2017). Scab disease caused by Venturia inaequalis on apple trees in Kyrgyzstan and biological agents to control this disease. Advances in Microbiology 7(6):450-466.

Fan Z, Yang JH, Fan F, Luo CX, Schnabel G (2015). Fitness and competitive ability of Alternaria alternata Field isolates with resistance to SDHI, QoI, and MBC fungicides. Plant Disease 99(12):1744-1750.

Fernández JG, Fernández-Baldo MA, Mu?oz E, Salinas J, Raba SM (2013). Detection transponsable elements in Botrytis cinerea in latent infection stage from symptomless apples. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2(2):125-131.

Ferree DC, Warrington IJ (2003). Apples – botany, production and uses. CABI Publishing.

González-Domínguez E, Armengol J, Rossi V (2017). Biology and epidemiology of Venturia species affecting fruit crops: A review. Frontiers in Plant Science 8:1496.

Hamid MI, Hussain M, Ghazanfar MU, Raza M, Liu XZ (2014). Trichothecium roseum causes fruit rot of tomato, orange and apple in Pakistan. Plant Disease 98(9):1271.

Hinze M, Kunz S (2010). Screening of biocontrol agents for their efficacy against apple scab. In: Proceedings of the 14 th International Conference on Organic Fruit-Growing, Eco-Fruit, Hohenheim, Germany pp 38-44.

Ikeura H, Somsak N, Kobayashi F, Kanlayanarat S, Hayata Y (2011). Application of selected plant extracts to inhibit growth of Penicillium expansum on apple fruits. Plant Pathology Journal 10(2):79-84.

Ko Y, Sun SK, (2003). Phomopsis fruit rot of subtropical peach in Taiwan. Plant Pathology Bulletin 12:212-214.

Köhl J, Scheer C, Holb IJ, Masny S, Molhoek W (2015). Toward an integrated use of biological control by Cladosporium cladosporioides H39 in apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) management. Plant Disease 99(4):535-543.

Kou LP, Gaskins VL, Luo YG, Jurick II WM (2014). First report of Fusarium avenaceum causing postharvest decay of ‘Gala’ apple fruit in the United States. Plant Disease 98(5):690.

Louw JP, Korsten L (2014). Pathogenic Penicillium spp. on apple and pear. Plant Disease 98(5):590-598.

MacHardy WE (1996). Apple scab, biology, epidemiology, and management. American Phytopathological Society (APS Press), St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

MacHardy WE, Gadoury DM, Gessler G (2001). Parasitic and biological fitness of Venturia inaequalis: relationship to disease management strategies. Plant Disease 85(10):1036-1051.

Michalecka M, Bryk H, Poniatowska A, Pu?awska J (2016). Identification of Neofabraea species causing bull’s eye rot of apple in Poland and their direct detection in apple fruit using multiplex PCR. Plant Pathology 65(4):643-654.

Odeh MIA (2006). Biological control of gray mold, blue mold & rhizopus soft rot on grape, pear, kiwi, strawberry by Trichoderma harzianum. MSc Dissertation, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.

Passey TAJ, Robinson JD, Shaw MW, Xu XM (2017). The relative importance of conidia and ascospores as primary inoculum of Venturia inaequalis in a southeast England orchard. Plant Pathology 66(9):1445-1451.

Rossi V, Caffi T, Salinari F (2012). Helping farmers face the increasing complexity of decision-making for crop protection. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 51(3):457-479.

Sandskär B (2003). Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and pests in organic orchards. PhD Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

Sever Z, Ivic D, Kos T, Milicevic T (2012). Identification of Fusarium species isolated from stored apple fruit in Croatia. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63(4):463-470.

Wang B, Li BH, Dong XL, Wang CX, Zhang ZF (2015). Effects of temperature, wetness duration, and moisture on the conidial germination, infection, and disease incubation period of Glomerella cingulate. Plant Disease 99(2):249-256.

Wang CX, Zhang ZF, Li BH, Wang HY, Dong XL (2012). First report of Glomerella leaf spot of apple caused by Glomerella cingulata in China. Plant Disease 96(6):912.

Wang YR, Li PL, Zhen HY, Li BH (2017). The promotion of thiophanate-methyl and tebuconazole for the continuous control of Glomerella leaf spot in apple leaves by adding pellouxite as a synergistic reagent. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 124(6):631-639.

Wenneker M, Pham KTK, Lemmers MEC, de Boer FA, van der Lans AM, van Leeuwen PJ, Hollinger TC, Thomma BPHJ (2016). First report of Fusarium avenaceum causing wet core rot of ‘Elstar’ apples in the Netherlands. Plant Disease 100(7):1501.

Xu XM, Berrie AM (2005). Epidemiology of mycotoxigenic fungi associated with Fusarium ear blight and apple blue mold: a review. Food Additives and Contaminants 22(4):290-301.

Zhang Y, Shi X, Li B, Zhang Q, Liang W, Wang C (2016). Salicylic acid confers enhanced resistance to Glomerella leaf spot in apple. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 106:64-72.

Downloads

Published

2018-03-27

How to Cite

FLORIAN, V. C., PUIA, C., GROZA, R., SUCIU, L. A., & FLORIAN, T. (2018). Study of the Major Pathogens That Lead to Apple Fruit Decay During Storage. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 46(2), 538–545. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha46211194

Issue

Vol. 46 No. 2 (2018)

Section

Research Articles
CITATION
DOI: 10.15835/nbha46211194

License

Copyright (c) 2018 Vasile C. FLORIAN, Carmen PUIA, Radu GROZA, Loredana A. SUCIU, Teodora FLORIAN

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

License:

© Articles by the authors; licensee UASVM and SHST, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Papers published in the journal Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca are open access distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses).

Open Access Journal:

The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restriction. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.