The importance of assessing the population structure and biology of psylla species for pest monitoring and management in pear orchards

Authors

  • Leontina I. SIMIONCA MĂRCĂȘAN University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Horticulture and Landscape, 3-5 Manastur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • Ionuţ B. HULUJAN University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Plant Protection, 3-5 Manastur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • Teodora FLORIAN University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Plant Protection, 3-5 Manastur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • Peter A. SOMSAI University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Horticulture Research Station, 5 Horticultorilor St., 400457 Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • Mădălina MILITARU Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti, 402 Mărului St., 117450 Mărăcineni (RO)
  • Adriana F. SESTRAS University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Forestry, 3-5 Manastur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5768-4296
  • Ion OLTEAN University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Plant Protection, 3-5 Manastur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • Radu E. SESTRAS University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Horticulture and Landscape, 3-5 Manastur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca (RO) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3073-1616

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha50313022

Keywords:

Cacopsylla pyri L., C. pyricola Förster, climate, cultivar, fruit growing, integrated pest management (IPM), orchard, plant protection, psylla phenology, Pyrus communis L.

Abstract

The species of pear sucker, also called pear psylla or pear psyllid, which are destructive insects belonging to the genus Cacopsylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) cause substantial damage to pear tree plantations. Two consecutive years of research were conducted on the population structure and biological cycle of psylla in a small, elderly, and unmaintained pear orchard in northern Romania. Of the two identified species (C. pyri L. and C. pyricola Forster), C. pyri dominated the psylla population with a percentage of 77.8-80.1%. Adults of both species emerge from hibernation in the first part of March and produce three generations per year. First-generation adults emerge in the first decade of June, the second generation in the last decade of July, and the third generation in the first decade of September as they enter the hibernation phase. Larvae of the first generation appear in the second half of April, the second generation at the end of June - the beginning of July, and the third generation in the second decade of August. There have been reports of up to 11 adults and 27 larvae per leaf, 9 larvae per petiole, and 14 larvae per fruit. The number of adults captured on yellow sticky traps exposed on the southern side of the tree crown was significantly higher compared to the northern side. Following the intense attack, the well-known cv. ‘Williams’ was heavily affected, pear trees were badly defoliated, blackened, and aged prematurely. The climatic conditions of the two years did not influence the phenology of the pests, but the importance of monitoring psyllids is widely argued, considering that it remains the key to integrated protection programs in pear orchards.

References

Adams RG, Domeisen CH, Ford LJ (1983). Visual trap for monitoring pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) adults on pears. Environmental Entomology 12(5):1327-1331. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/12.5.1327

Adams RG, Los LM (1989). Use of sticky traps and limb jarring to aid in pest management decisions for summer populations of the pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Connecticut. Journal of Economic Entomology 82(5):1448-1454. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/82.5.1448

Ahmad MJ, Mohiudin S, Pathania SS, Mukhtar M (2020). Feeding potential of anthocorid bug, Blaptostethus pallescens (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) against eggs of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) on pear in Kashmir. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 8(5):685-689.

Ahmed SA (2007). Description of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla (=Psylla) pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a new record in pear orchards in North Sinai and Ismailia Governorates, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 17(1/2):159-160.

Akbar SA, Dar MA, Mahendiran G, Wachkoo AA (2018). The first record of pear psylla Cacopsylla bidens (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from India along with notes on seasonal occurrence and some elements of its biology. Oriental Insects 52(1):101-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2017.1378598

Alalouni U, Schädler M, Brandl R (2013). Natural enemies and environmental factors affecting the population dynamics of the gypsy moth. Journal of Applied Entomology 137(10):721-738. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12072

Bell RL (1992). Additional East European Pyrus germplasm with resistance to pear psylla nymphal feeding. HortScience 27(5):412-413. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.27.5.412

Bell RL (2015). Effect of resistant and susceptible East European pears on development and mortality of the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster). HortScience 50(5):661-665. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.50.5.661

Benedek P, Szabó T, Soltész M, Szabó Z, Konrád-Németh C (2010). Susceptibility of European pear genotypes in a gene bank to pear psylla damage and possible exploitation of resistant varieties in organic farming. International Journal of Horticultural Science 16(3):95-101. https://doi.org/10.31421/IJHS/16/3/904

Bozkurt V, Uğur A (2022). Using yellow sticky traps in control to Cacopsylla pyri (L.)(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on pear trees. Plant Protection Bulletin 62(2):36-42. https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1056343

Brewer L, Volz R (2019). Genetics and Breeding of Pear. In: Korban S (Ed). The Pear Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11048-2_4

Brewer LR, Palmer JW (2011). Global pear breeding programmes: goals, trends and progress for new cultivars and new rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae 909:105-119. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.909.10

Buès R, Boudinhon L, Toubon JF (2003). Resistance of pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri L.; Hom., Psyllidae) to deltamethrin and synergism with piperonyl butoxide. Journal of Applied Entomology 127(5):305-312. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0418.2003.00740.x

Burckhardt D (2008). Psylloidea. In: Claps LE, Debandi G, Roig-Juñent S (Eds). Biodiversidad de Artrópodos Argentinos 2:189-199.

Chireceanu C (2007). Species diversity of insects in pear ecosystem in Băneasa-Bucharest. Entomologica Romanica 12:243-249.

Civolani S (2012). The past and present of pear protection against the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri L. In: Perveen FK (Ed). Insecticides – Pest Engineering. InTech, Croatia pp 385-408.

Civolani S, Peretto R, Caroli L, Pasqualini E, Chicca M, Leis M (2014). Preliminary resistance screening on abamectin in pear psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Northern Italy. Journal of Economic Entomology 100(5):1637-1641. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.5.1637

Dan C, Sestras AF, Bozdog C, Sestras RE (2015). Investigation of wild species potential to increase genetic diversity useful for apple breeding. Genetika 47(3):993-1011. https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR1503993D

DuPont ST, John Strohm C (2020). Integrated pest management programmes increase natural enemies of pear psylla in Central Washington pear orchards. Journal of Applied Entomology 144(1-2):109-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12694

Emami MS (2019). Field evaluation of the relative susceptibility of six pear varieties to the pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster, 1848)). Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 114(1):47-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2019.114.1.5

Erler F, Cetin H (2007). Effect of kaolin particle film treatment on winterform oviposition of the pear psylla Cacopsylla pyri. Phytoparasitica 35(5):466-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03020605

Fotirić Akšić M, Cerović R, Radošević R, Oparnica Č, Meland M (2021). Morphological and anatomical leaf characteristics of some European and Asian pear cultivars. Acta Horticulturae 1303:63-70. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1303.10

Fotirić Akšić MM, Dabić DC, Gašić UM, Zec GN, Vulić TB, Tešić ZL, Natić MM (2015). Polyphenolic profile of pear leaves with different resistance to pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63(34):7476-7486. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03394

Gajski D, Pekár S (2021). Assessment of the biocontrol potential of natural enemies against psyllid populations in a pear tree orchard during spring. Pest Management Science 77(5):2358-2366. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6262

Garcia-Chapa M, Sabaté J, Laviña A, Batlle A (2005). Role of Cacopsylla pyri in the epidemiology of pear decline in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology 111:9-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-004-1981-y

Ghidra V, Ardelean M, Oltean I, Sestras R (1992). Comportarea unor soiuri şi elite de păr la atacul produs de puricele melifer (Psylla pyri L.) [The response of several pear varieties and selections to psylla (Psylla pyri L.) attack] (in Romanian). Buletin USACN A-H 46(2):83-90.

Hildebrand M, Dickler E, Geider K (2000). Occurrence of Erwinia amylovora on insects in a fire blight orchard. Journal of Phytopathology 148(4):251-256. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2000.00504.x

Hodkinson ID (1989). The Biogeography of the neotropical jumping plant-lice (Insecta: Homoptera: Psylloidea). Journal of Biogeography 16(3):203-217. https://doi.org/10.2307/2845257

Hodkinson ID (2009). Life cycle variation and adaptation in jumping plant lice (Insecta: Hemiptera: Psylloidea): a global synthesis. Journal of Natural History 43(1-2):65-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2017.1378598

Horton DR (1999). Monitoring of pear psylla for pest management decisions and research. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 4:1-20. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009602513263

Janssen A, van Rijn P C (2021). Pesticides do not significantly reduce arthropod pest densities in the presence of natural enemies. Ecology Letters 24(9):2010-2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13819

Jaworska K, Olszak R, Łabanowska B, Korzeniowski M (2012). Efficacy of spirotetramat in the control of pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri L.) on pear trees in Poland. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research 20(2):91-106. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10290-012-0019-3

Jerinić-Prodanović D (2011). Jumping plant-louse Cacopsylla (Hepatopsella) bidens (Šulc, 1907) (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) new pest on pear in Serbia. Pesticidi i Fitomedicina 26(2):147-157. https://doi.org/10.2298/PIF1102147J

Khan AA, Kundoo AA, Nissar M, Mushtaq M (2020). Sucking pests of temperate fruits. In: Omkar (Ed). Sucking Pests of Crops. Springer, Singapore pp 369-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6149-8_12

Knorr IB, Bashev AN, Alekseev AA, Naumova EN (2000). Effect of population density on ecological characteristics of the grass moth Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the gradation cycle. Biology Bulletin 27(1):63-70.

Kocourek F, Holý K, Řezáč M, Sopko B, Stará J (2021). The effects of various pest control regimes on the community structure and population dynamics of selected natural enemies of Cacopsylla pyri in pear orchards. Biocontrol Science and Technology 31(6):632-651. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2021.1877615

Le Goff GJ, Berthe J, Tougeron K, Dochy B, Lebbe O, Renoz F, Hance T (2021). Effect of the instar of the pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the behaviour and fitness of the parasitoid Trechnites insidiosus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). European Journal of Entomology 118:279-287. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.028

Li J, Zhang M, Li X, Khan A, Kumar S, Allan AC, ... Wu J (2022). Pear genetics: Recent advances, new prospects, and a roadmap for the future. Horticulture Research 9:uhab040. https://doi.org/10.1 093/hr/uhab040

Microsoft Corporation (2018). Microsoft Excel. Retrieved from https://office.microsoft.com/excel

Montanari S, Guérif P, Ravon E, Denancé C, Muranty H, Velasco R, ... Durel CE (2015). Genetic mapping of Cacopsylla pyri resistance in an interspecific pear (Pyrus spp.) population. Tree Genetics and Genomes 11:74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0901-y

Moreno A, Miranda MP, Fereres A (2021). Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens. Entomologia Generalis 41(5):419-438. https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289

Morgan D, Solomon MG (1993). PEST‐MAN: a forecasting system for apple and pear pests 1. EPPO Bulletin 23(4): 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb00556.x

Nin S, Ferri A, Sacchetti P, Picardi E, Cantini C, Giordani E (2015). Susceptibility of European pear germplasm to Cacopsylla pyri under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Scientia Horticulturae 185:151-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.01.031

Nin S, Giordani E, Sacchetti P, Ferri A (2012). Pear resistance to psilla (Cacopsylla pyri L.): a review. Advances in Horticultural Science 26(2):59-74. http://digital.casalini.it/10.1400/207287

Nottingham LB, Orpet RJ, Beers EH (2022). Integrated pest management programs for pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), using kaolin clay and reflective plastic mulch. Journal of Economic Entomology 115(5):1607-1619. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac121

Perchepied L, Guérif P, Ravon E, Denancé C, Laurens F, Robert P, Bouvier L, Lespinasse Y, Durel CE (2016). Polygenic inheritance of resistance to Cacopsylla pyri in a Pyrus communis × P. ussuriensis progeny is explained by three QTLs involving an epistatic interaction. Tree Genetics & Genomes 12:108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-016-1072-1

Puskás M, Höfer M, Sestras RE, Peil A, Sestras AF, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H (2016). Molecular and flow cytometric evaluation of pear (Pyrus L.) genetic resources of the German and Romanian national fruit collections. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 63(6):1023-1033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0298-3

Quarta R, Ruggioni D (1985). Survey on the variety susceptibility to pear psylla. Acta Horticulturae 159:77-86. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1985.159.10

Riedl H, Westigard P, Bethell R, DeTar J (1981). Problems with chemical control of pear psylla. Hilgardia 35(9):7-9. DOI:10.3733/ca.v035n09p7

Riedle-Bauer M, Paleskić C, Schönhuber C, Staples M, Brader G (2022). Vector transmission and epidemiology of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in Austria and identification of Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 129(2):375-386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-021-00526-y

Sagar D, Balikai RA (2013). Psyllid pests of horticultural and forage crops: taxonomy, biology and their management. Journal of Experimental Zoology 16(1):1-18.

Schaub L, Graf B, Butturini A (2005). Phenological model of pear psylla Cacopsylla pyri. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 117(2):105–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00339.x

Sestras AF, Pamfil D, Dan C, Bolboaca SD, Jäntschi L, Sestras RE (2011). Possibilities to improve apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.) and powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Everh.) Salm.] resistance on apple by increasing genetic diversity using potentials of wild species. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5(6):748-755.

Sestras AF, Sestras RE, Barbos A, Militaru M (2008). The differences among pear genotypes to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) attack, based on observations of natural infection. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 36(2):97-103.

Sestras AF, Somsai P, Militaru M, Mitre V, Ercişli S, Sestras RE (2020). The response of pear cultivars and wild species of Pyrus to Psylla sp. attack, depending on genotype, based on eggs’ and nymphs’ presence on the leaves, before and after the treatment with insecticide. Acta Horticulturae 1289:79-90. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1289.12

Sestras R, Ardelean M, Ghidra V, Oltean I (1999). Pear breeding for resistance to pear psylla (Psylla sp.) at Cluj-Napoca. Bulletin USAMV 53:21-24.

Sestras R, Botez C, Ardelean M, Oltean I, Sestras A (2009). Response of pear genotypes to psylla sp. attack in central Transylvania, Romania. Acta Horticulturae 814:845-850. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.814.144

Sestras R, Ghidra V, Straulea M (1994). Haydeea – un nou soi de par creat la SCPP Cluj [‘Haydeea’ – a new pear cultivar obtained at Fruit Research Station Cluj] (in Romanian). Horticultura 1:17-18.

Sestras R, Oltean I, Ghidra V, Raureanu V (1995). Observatii generale privind biologia si controlul in livada al puricilor meliferi ai parului (Psylla sp.) in conditiile din zona Clujului [Observations about biology and monitoring of psylla species (Psylla sp.) in Cluj-Napoca conditions] (in Romanian). Protectia Plantelor 5(17):51-60.

Sestras R, Pamfil D, Ardelean M, Botez C, Sestras A, Mitre I, Dan C, Mihalte L (2009). Use of phenotypic and MAS selection based on bulk segregant analysis for study of genetic variability induced by artificial hybridization on apple. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 37(1):273-277.

Shaltiel‐Harpaz L, Gerchman Y, Ibdah M, Kedoshim R, Rachmany D, Hatib K, ... Holland D (2018). Grafting on resistant interstocks reduces scion susceptibility to pear psylla, Cacopsylla bidens. Pest Management Science 74(3):617-626. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4745

Shaltiel-Harpaz L, Soroker V, Kedoshim R, Hason R, Sokalsky T, Hatib K, … Holland D (2013). Two pear accessions evaluated for susceptibility to pear psylla Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc) in Israel. Pest Management Science 70(2):234-239. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3543

Sinha A, Chaudhuri T, Arora L (2022). Residue free farming of fruit crops. The Pharma Innovation Journal SP-11(9):2999-3009.

Stratopoulou ET, Kapatos ET (1992). Distribution of population of immature stages of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri, within the tree and development of sampling strategy. Entomologia Hellenica 10:5-10. https://doi.org/10.12681/eh.13997

Straulea M, Ardelean M, Ghidra V, Sestras R (1992). Gradul de uscare a pomilor in urma atacului de purici meliferi (Psylla sp.) [Scorching rate of pear trees following infestation with melliferous flea (Psylla sp.)] (in Romanian). Buletin USAMV A-H 46(2):91-97.

Tešanović D, Spasić R, Prodanović DJ (2016). Psyllid species (Cacopsylla spp.) in pear orchards of East Sarajevo. Agroznanje Agro-knowledge Journal 17(1/4):81-89. https://doi.org/10.7251/AGREN1601081T

Tomaš V, Mihaljević I, Vuković D, Viljevac Vuletić M, Galić V, Tomeš V, ... Zdunić Z (2022). Comparative effect of different insecticides and processed kaolin on Cacopsylla pyri L. population reduction. Poljoprivreda 28(1):3-10. https://doi.org/10.18047/poljo.28.1.1

Tougeron K, Iltis C, Renoz F, Albittar L, Hance T, Demeter S, Le Goff GJ (2021). Ecology and biology of the parasitoid Trechnites insidiosus and its potential for biological control of pear psyllids. Pest Management Science 77(11):4836-4847. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6517

Valle D, Zoppolo R, Burckhardt D, Mujica V, Morelli E (2017). The occurrence of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc, 1907) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Uruguay. Check List 13(2):2088. https://doi.org/10.15560/13.2.2088

Westigard PH, Zwick RW (1972). The pear psylla in Oregon. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 122, p. 22.

Youssef AS (2016). Morphological and histological changes in pear trees due to the infestation with Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 94(1):17-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2016.150656

Zepner L, Karrasch P, Wiemann F, Bernard L (2020). ClimateCharts.net – an interactive climate analysis web platform, International Journal of Digital Earth 14(3):338-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2020.1829112

Published

2022-11-29

How to Cite

SIMIONCA MĂRCĂȘAN, L. I., HULUJAN, I. B., FLORIAN, T., SOMSAI, P. A., MILITARU, M., SESTRAS, A. F., OLTEAN, I., & SESTRAS, R. E. (2022). The importance of assessing the population structure and biology of psylla species for pest monitoring and management in pear orchards. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 50(4), 13022. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha50313022

Issue

Section

Research Articles
CITATION
DOI: 10.15835/nbha50313022

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 > >>