The Red Beech at the “Montagna di Torricchio”, Marche Region, Central Italy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha47311583Keywords:
critical taxon; interdisciplinary study; mutation; native status; nature reserveAbstract
For many centuries, red beech [(Fagus sylvatica L. var. purpurea (Ait.) Schneid.] was known as a botanical abnormality in botanical gardens and arboretums. Widespread artificially, red beech trees have been exploited for cultural, landscaping and botanical purposes, showing a wide horticultural, silvicultural and arboricultural interest. Over time, they may have escaped from cultivations or have been incorporated into forests by secondary successions, showing an important ecological and forestry interest. Red beeches represent a complex of phenotypes described under systematic critical taxa, showing an important floristic and taxonomic interest. Samples of red beech were found in nature, in central Adriatic Italy, in a fully protected area, namely the “Riserva Naturale Statale Montagna di Torricchio”. In order to analyse the origin of this odd shape beech variation, an interdisciplinary study was carried out integrating geography, ecology and forestry, analysing the bibliography, archival data, leaf traits, potential vegetation and the issues concerning the human-ecology relation. The results we obtained showed no evidence of artificial or accidental introduction for these specimens, suggesting treating them as a native and natural mutation in the beech forest secondary succession. The study of the natural beech forms variation could foster in some way research activities and land management actions on this issue; with some outlook on biodiversity studies, environmental policies, horticulture, forestry and ecological importance. The results allow us to propose a reflexion on the native/non-native status, and about the systematic position of beech forms; fostering reflections about the taxonomical position of the red beech and proposing the variety rank for the red beech specimens. The presence of these specimens in the study area, allows us to make some reflections in order to be more careful in negative considerations about exotic (or presumed) taxa, taking into account the repercussions on environment and biodiversity management. These red beeches can be used to strengthen the genetic pool of existing specimens that are actually used, and vegetatively propagated in nurseries.
References
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Ballelli S, Francalancia C (1987). Dati aggiuntivi alla flora di Torricchio [Additional data to the flora of Torricchio]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 7:3-13.
Bargioni G (2011). Ecco spiegata l’origine dei «frutti gemelli» [This explains the origin of the «twin fruits»]. Vita in Campagna 4:33-34.
Bartha S, Merolli A, Campetella G, Canullo R (2008). Changes of vascular plant diversity along a chronosequence of beech coppice stands, central Apennines, Italy. Plant Biosystems 142(3):572-583.
Bassi G, Villa M, Eccher T (2007). Più frutti gemelli nel ciliegio con le alte temperature [More twin fruits in cherry with high temperatures]. L’Informatore Agrario 26:49-52.
Beppu K, Ikeda T, Kataoka I (2001). Effect of high temperature exposure time during flower bud formation on the occurrence of double pistils in ‘Satohnishiki’ sweet cherry. Scientia Horticulturae 87(1-2):77-84.
Beppu K, Kataoka I (1999). High temperature rather than drought stress is responsible for the occurrence of double pistils in ‘Satohnishiki’ sweet cherry. Scientia Horticulturae 81(2):125-134.
Bortolotti L, Alessandrini A, Fazzuoli F, Nievo S, Rigoni Stern M (1989). Gli Alberi Monumentali d’Italia [The monumental trees of Italy], Voll. I and II. Edizioni Abete, Roma, Italy.
Brilli-Cattarini AJB, Ballelli S (1979). Segnalazioni di piante nuove, inedite, o notevoli per la regione marchigiana IV [Reports of new, unpublished or remarkable plants for the Marche region IV]. Giornale Botanico Italiano 113(5-6):327-358.
Brilli-Cattarini AJB, Sialm R (1973). Segnalazioni di piante nuove, inedite, o notevoli per la regione marchigiana III [Reports of new, unpublished or remarkable plants for the Marche region III]. Giornale Botanico Italiano 107(2):59-73.
Campetella G, Cardona L (1998). Foreste e pascoli della montagna di Torricchio: brevi cenni storici (1600-1970) [Forests and pastures of the Torricchio mountain: brief historical notes (1600-1970)]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 10:13-37.
Canullo R (1993). L’évolution de la végétation vers la forêt: études des populations en Italie [Evolution of vegetation towards the forest: population studies in Italy]. Colloques Phytosociologiques XX:121-140.
Canullo R, Campetella G (1994). Contributo alla conoscenza della struttura dei cedui di faggio nella Riserva naturale di Torricchio [Contribution to the knowledge of the structure of beech coppices in the Torricchio Nature Reserve]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 9:71-101.
Cianfaglione K (2010). Rinvenimento di un faggio rosso [Fagus sylvatica L. var. purpurea (Ait.) Schneid.] [Discovery of a red beech]. In: Pedrotti F (Ed). La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio 1970-2010 [The Torricchio Nature Reserve 1970-2010]. Temi editrice, Trento, Italy pp 256-257.
Cianfaglione K, Pedrotti F (2016). The vegetation of the Pie’ Vettore Debris (Sibillini Mountains, Central Italy). In: Box EO (Ed). Vegetation structure and function at multiple spatial, temporal and conceptual Scales. Springer International Publishing pp 363-374.
Deiana G, Pieruccini U (1976). Geologia e geomorfologia della Montagna di Torricchio [Geology and geomorphology of the Torricchio Mountain]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 1:27-76.
Demesure B, Comps B, Petit R (1996). Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe. Evolution 50(6):2515-2520.
Desfontaines RL (1804). Fagus purpurea. Tableau de l’Ecole de Botanique du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle [Table of the School of Botany of the Natural History Museum]. Paris, France, pp 214.
Dönig G (1994). Die Park und Gartenformen der Rotbuche - Fagus sylvatica L.: Varietäten, Formen, Kultivare, Beschreibung, Abbildungen und Literatur [The park and garden forms of European beech - Fagus sylvatica L.: varieties, forms, cultivars, description, illustrations and literature]. Gartenbild Ed, Rinteln, Germany, pp 286.
Francalancia C (1976). Carta della vegetazione della Riserva Naturale di Torricchio [Vegetation map of the Torricchio Nature Reserve]. La Riserva naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 1:77-98.
Francalancia C, Galli P, Paradisi L (1994). Aspetti floristici e dinamismo dei prati-pascoli a Cynosurus cristatus nella Riserva Naturale di Torricchio [Floristic aspects and dynamism of the Cynosurus cristatus pasture-meadows in the Torricchio Nature Reserve]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 9:31-40.
Francalancia C, Orsomando E (1976). Rilevamento della vegetazione e dello stato dell’ambiente della riserva naturale «Montagna di Torricchio» (Marche) [Survey of the vegetation and the state of the environment of the «Montagna di Torricchio» Nature Reserve (Marche region)]. Giornale Botanico Italiano 110(6):451-452.
Gallois A, Burrus M, Brown S (1999). Evaluation of the nuclear DNA content and GC percent in four varieties of Fagus sylvatica L. Annals of Forest Science 56(7):615-618.
Gonnelli V, Bottacci A, Mencucci M, Simoncini P, Pinna G, Bertinelli S, Zoccola A, Fiorini U (2008). Note sulla distribuzione di Acer pseudoplatanus f. purpureum (Loudon) Rehder e di Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea (Aiton) Schneider nel Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona e Campigna (Angiospermae-Dycotiledones, Terebinthales et Fagales) [Notes on the distribution of Acer pseudoplatanus f. purpureum (Loudon) Rehder and by Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea (Aiton) Schneider in the Casentino Forests, Monte Falterona and Campigna National Park (Angiospermae-Dycotiledones, Terebinthales et Fagales)]. Quaderno di Studi e Notizie di Storia Naturale della Romagna 26:81-90.
Grossoni P, Bussotti F (1999). Fagus sylvatica L.: aspetti dendrologici e tassonomici [dendrological and taxonomic aspects.]. In: Scarascia Mugnozza G (Ed). Ecologia strutturale e funzionale di faggete italiane [Structural and functional ecology of Italian beech forests]. Edagricole ed., Bologna, Italy pp 3-19.
Halassy M, Campetella G, Canullo R, Mucina L (2005). Patterns of functional clonal traits and clonal growth modes in contrasting grasslands in the central Apennines, Italy. Journal of Vegetation Science 16(1):29-36.
Kwiatkowski W, Venanzoni R (1994). Carta dei suoli della Riserva Naturale di Torricchio [Soils Map of the Torricchio Nature Reserve]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 9:15-21.
Jump AS, Peñuelas J (2007). Extensive spatial genetic structure revealed by AFLP but not SSR molecular markers in the wind-pollinated tree, Fagus sylvatica. Molecular Ecology 16(5):925-936.
Leonardi S, Menozzi P (1996). Spatial structure of genetic variability in natural stands of Fagus sylvatica L. (beech) in Italy. Heredity 77(4):359-368.
MATTM (2019). Prodromo della Vegetazione d’Italia - Italian vegetation Prodromus (in Italian). Retrieved 2019 March 18 from http://www.prodromo-vegetazione-italia.org/.
Mercurio R, Mercurio C (2013). Alberi Sacri. Conoscenze per la progettazione degli spazi Verdi nei luoghi di culto [Sacred Trees. Knowledge to project green spaces in sacred places]. Aracne Ed, Roma, Italy, pp 164.
Orsomando E (1976). Stato dell’ambiente della Riserva naturale di Torricchio attraverso la documentazione fotografica [The Torricchio nature reserve environment status through photographic documentation]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 1:99-104.
Paffetti D, Vettori C, Caramelli D, Vernesi C, Lari M, Paganelli A, Paule L, Giannini R (2007). Unexpected presence of Fagus orientalis complex in Italy as inferred from 45,000-year-old DNA pollen samples from Venice lagoon. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7(2):S6.
Pedrotti F (1976). La Riserva naturale di Torricchio [The Torricchio nature reserve]. La Riserva naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 1:5-20.
Pedrotti F (1978). Einige Bemerkungen uber die Entwicklung der Vegetation im Naturreservat von Torricchio [Some remarks on the vegetation development in the Natural Reserve of Torricchio]. Phytocoenosis/Archivum Geobotanicum 7(1-4):11-19.
Pedrotti F (1981). La Riserva naturale di Torricchio dal 1977 al 1981 [The Torricchio Nature Reserve from 1977 to 1981]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 4:3-21.
Pedrotti F (1994). La Riserva naturale di Torricchio dal 1982 al 1994 [The Torricchio Nature Reserve from 1982 to 1994]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 8:3-18.
Pedrotti F (2010). La riserva naturale di Torricchio 1970-2010. With extended English summary. Temi editrice, Trento, Italy, pp 516.
Philp GL (1933). Abnormality in sweet cherry blossoms and fruit. Botanical Gazette 94(4):815-820.
Pignatti S (1982). Fagus sylvatica. Flora d’Italia [Italian Flora]. Edagricole Ed, Bologna, Italy I:112-113.
Piovesan G, Di Filippo A, Alessandrini A, Biondi F, Schirone B (2005). Structure, dynamics and dendroecology of an old-growth Fagus forest in the Apennines. Journal of Vegetation Science 16(1):13-28.
The Plant List (2019). Version 1.1. Retrieved 2019 March 18 from http://www.theplantlist.org.
Venanzoni R, Kwiatkowski W (1994). Carta delle serie di vegetazione della Riserva naturale di Torricchio (Appennino centrale) [Vegetation series map of the Torricchio Nature Reserve (Central Apennines)]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 9:23-30.
Ballelli S, Francalancia C (1982). La flora della Riserva naturale di Torricchio [The flora of the Torricchio Nature Reserve]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 5:3-73.
Ballelli S, Francalancia C (1987). Dati aggiuntivi alla flora di Torricchio [Additional data to the flora of Torricchio]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 7:3-13.
Bargioni G (2011). Ecco spiegata l’origine dei «frutti gemelli» [This explains the origin of the «twin fruits»]. Vita in Campagna 4:33-34.
Bartha S, Merolli A, Campetella G, Canullo R (2008). Changes of vascular plant diversity along a chronosequence of beech coppice stands, central Apennines, Italy. Plant Biosystems 142(3):572-583.
Bassi G, Villa M, Eccher T (2007). Più frutti gemelli nel ciliegio con le alte temperature [More twin fruits in cherry with high temperatures]. L’Informatore Agrario 26:49-52.
Beppu K, Ikeda T, Kataoka I (2001). Effect of high temperature exposure time during flower bud formation on the occurrence of double pistils in ‘Satohnishiki’ sweet cherry. Scientia Horticulturae 87(1-2):77-84.
Beppu K, Kataoka I (1999). High temperature rather than drought stress is responsible for the occurrence of double pistils in ‘Satohnishiki’ sweet cherry. Scientia Horticulturae 81(2):125-134.
Bortolotti L, Alessandrini A, Fazzuoli F, Nievo S, Rigoni Stern M (1989). Gli Alberi Monumentali d’Italia [The monumental trees of Italy], Voll. I and II. Edizioni Abete, Roma, Italy.
Brilli-Cattarini AJB, Ballelli S (1979). Segnalazioni di piante nuove, inedite, o notevoli per la regione marchigiana IV [Reports of new, unpublished or remarkable plants for the Marche region IV]. Giornale Botanico Italiano 113(5-6):327-358.
Brilli-Cattarini AJB, Sialm R (1973). Segnalazioni di piante nuove, inedite, o notevoli per la regione marchigiana III [Reports of new, unpublished or remarkable plants for the Marche region III]. Giornale Botanico Italiano 107(2):59-73.
Campetella G, Cardona L (1998). Foreste e pascoli della montagna di Torricchio: brevi cenni storici (1600-1970) [Forests and pastures of the Torricchio mountain: brief historical notes (1600-1970)]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 10:13-37.
Canullo R (1993). L’évolution de la végétation vers la forêt: études des populations en Italie [Evolution of vegetation towards the forest: population studies in Italy]. Colloques Phytosociologiques XX:121-140.
Canullo R, Campetella G (1994). Contributo alla conoscenza della struttura dei cedui di faggio nella Riserva naturale di Torricchio [Contribution to the knowledge of the structure of beech coppices in the Torricchio Nature Reserve]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 9:71-101.
Cianfaglione K (2010). Rinvenimento di un faggio rosso [Fagus sylvatica L. var. purpurea (Ait.) Schneid.] [Discovery of a red beech]. In: Pedrotti F (Ed). La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio 1970-2010 [The Torricchio Nature Reserve 1970-2010]. Temi editrice, Trento, Italy pp 256-257.
Cianfaglione K, Pedrotti F (2016). The vegetation of the Pie’ Vettore Debris (Sibillini Mountains, Central Italy). In: Box EO (Ed). Vegetation structure and function at multiple spatial, temporal and conceptual Scales. Springer International Publishing pp 363-374.
Deiana G, Pieruccini U (1976). Geologia e geomorfologia della Montagna di Torricchio [Geology and geomorphology of the Torricchio Mountain]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 1:27-76.
Demesure B, Comps B, Petit R (1996). Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe. Evolution 50(6):2515-2520.
Desfontaines RL (1804). Fagus purpurea. Tableau de l’Ecole de Botanique du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle [Table of the School of Botany of the Natural History Museum]. Paris, France, pp 214.
Dönig G (1994). Die Park und Gartenformen der Rotbuche - Fagus sylvatica L.: Varietäten, Formen, Kultivare, Beschreibung, Abbildungen und Literatur [The park and garden forms of European beech - Fagus sylvatica L.: varieties, forms, cultivars, description, illustrations and literature]. Gartenbild Ed, Rinteln, Germany, pp 286.
Francalancia C (1976). Carta della vegetazione della Riserva Naturale di Torricchio [Vegetation map of the Torricchio Nature Reserve]. La Riserva naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 1:77-98.
Francalancia C, Galli P, Paradisi L (1994). Aspetti floristici e dinamismo dei prati-pascoli a Cynosurus cristatus nella Riserva Naturale di Torricchio [Floristic aspects and dynamism of the Cynosurus cristatus pasture-meadows in the Torricchio Nature Reserve]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 9:31-40.
Francalancia C, Orsomando E (1976). Rilevamento della vegetazione e dello stato dell’ambiente della riserva naturale «Montagna di Torricchio» (Marche) [Survey of the vegetation and the state of the environment of the «Montagna di Torricchio» Nature Reserve (Marche region)]. Giornale Botanico Italiano 110(6):451-452.
Gallois A, Burrus M, Brown S (1999). Evaluation of the nuclear DNA content and GC percent in four varieties of Fagus sylvatica L. Annals of Forest Science 56(7):615-618.
Gonnelli V, Bottacci A, Mencucci M, Simoncini P, Pinna G, Bertinelli S, Zoccola A, Fiorini U (2008). Note sulla distribuzione di Acer pseudoplatanus f. purpureum (Loudon) Rehder e di Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea (Aiton) Schneider nel Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona e Campigna (Angiospermae-Dycotiledones, Terebinthales et Fagales) [Notes on the distribution of Acer pseudoplatanus f. purpureum (Loudon) Rehder and by Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea (Aiton) Schneider in the Casentino Forests, Monte Falterona and Campigna National Park (Angiospermae-Dycotiledones, Terebinthales et Fagales)]. Quaderno di Studi e Notizie di Storia Naturale della Romagna 26:81-90.
Grossoni P, Bussotti F (1999). Fagus sylvatica L.: aspetti dendrologici e tassonomici [dendrological and taxonomic aspects.]. In: Scarascia Mugnozza G (Ed). Ecologia strutturale e funzionale di faggete italiane [Structural and functional ecology of Italian beech forests]. Edagricole ed., Bologna, Italy pp 3-19.
Halassy M, Campetella G, Canullo R, Mucina L (2005). Patterns of functional clonal traits and clonal growth modes in contrasting grasslands in the central Apennines, Italy. Journal of Vegetation Science 16(1):29-36.
Kwiatkowski W, Venanzoni R (1994). Carta dei suoli della Riserva Naturale di Torricchio [Soils Map of the Torricchio Nature Reserve]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 9:15-21.
Jump AS, Peñuelas J (2007). Extensive spatial genetic structure revealed by AFLP but not SSR molecular markers in the wind-pollinated tree, Fagus sylvatica. Molecular Ecology 16(5):925-936.
Leonardi S, Menozzi P (1996). Spatial structure of genetic variability in natural stands of Fagus sylvatica L. (beech) in Italy. Heredity 77(4):359-368.
MATTM (2019). Prodromo della Vegetazione d’Italia - Italian vegetation Prodromus (in Italian). Retrieved 2019 March 18 from http://www.prodromo-vegetazione-italia.org/.
Mercurio R, Mercurio C (2013). Alberi Sacri. Conoscenze per la progettazione degli spazi Verdi nei luoghi di culto [Sacred Trees. Knowledge to project green spaces in sacred places]. Aracne Ed, Roma, Italy, pp 164.
Orsomando E (1976). Stato dell’ambiente della Riserva naturale di Torricchio attraverso la documentazione fotografica [The Torricchio nature reserve environment status through photographic documentation]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 1:99-104.
Paffetti D, Vettori C, Caramelli D, Vernesi C, Lari M, Paganelli A, Paule L, Giannini R (2007). Unexpected presence of Fagus orientalis complex in Italy as inferred from 45,000-year-old DNA pollen samples from Venice lagoon. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7(2):S6.
Pedrotti F (1976). La Riserva naturale di Torricchio [The Torricchio nature reserve]. La Riserva naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 1:5-20.
Pedrotti F (1978). Einige Bemerkungen uber die Entwicklung der Vegetation im Naturreservat von Torricchio [Some remarks on the vegetation development in the Natural Reserve of Torricchio]. Phytocoenosis/Archivum Geobotanicum 7(1-4):11-19.
Pedrotti F (1981). La Riserva naturale di Torricchio dal 1977 al 1981 [The Torricchio Nature Reserve from 1977 to 1981]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 4:3-21.
Pedrotti F (1994). La Riserva naturale di Torricchio dal 1982 al 1994 [The Torricchio Nature Reserve from 1982 to 1994]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 8:3-18.
Pedrotti F (2010). La riserva naturale di Torricchio 1970-2010. With extended English summary. Temi editrice, Trento, Italy, pp 516.
Philp GL (1933). Abnormality in sweet cherry blossoms and fruit. Botanical Gazette 94(4):815-820.
Pignatti S (1982). Fagus sylvatica. Flora d’Italia [Italian Flora]. Edagricole Ed, Bologna, Italy I:112-113.
Piovesan G, Di Filippo A, Alessandrini A, Biondi F, Schirone B (2005). Structure, dynamics and dendroecology of an old-growth Fagus forest in the Apennines. Journal of Vegetation Science 16(1):13-28.
The Plant List (2019). Version 1.1. Retrieved 2019 March 18 from http://www.theplantlist.org.
Venanzoni R, Kwiatkowski W (1994). Carta delle serie di vegetazione della Riserva naturale di Torricchio (Appennino centrale) [Vegetation series map of the Torricchio Nature Reserve (Central Apennines)]. La Riserva Naturale di Torricchio. Camerino 9:23-30.
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Published
2019-06-05
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CIANFAGLIONE, K., & PEDROTTI, F. . (2019). The Red Beech at the “Montagna di Torricchio”, Marche Region, Central Italy. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(3), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha47311583
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DOI: 10.15835/nbha47311583
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